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Pages 121-129
Published online: 28 Dec 2017
 
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The complex adult presentations of shame are redefined in terms of the affect theory of Silvan Tomkins (1962, 1963, 1991) and then linked to early decisions. The author presents a new definition of emotion that integrates transactions, cognition, and biology. Transactional analysis was designed by Berne as a way of altering emotional experience without discussing emotion. This article offers a conceptual framework that was unavailable to Berne but which facilitates integration of TA techniques with a far wider range of treatment modalities.

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Donald L. Nathanson

Donald L. Nathanson, M.D., is the executive director of The Silvan S. Tomkins Institute, a clinical professor of psychiatry and human behavioral the Jefferson Medical College, and a senior attending psychiatrist at The Institute of Pennsylvania Hospital, all in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
 

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