Abstract
The authors offer a critique of the process model as articulated by Kahler (1975a, 1975b, 1978, 1979, 1996) and the theory of personality adaptations as articulated by Kahler with Capers (1974), Kahler (1982), Ware (1983), and Joines & Stewart (2002). Specifically, they take issue with Joines and Stewart's assertion that narcissism cannot be considered to be a personality adaptation and argue for a consistent conceptualization of personality that encompasses narcissistic and borderline adaptations.