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Pages 174-179
Published online: 28 Dec 2017
 
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The original Spitz (1945) article (supporting Berne's notions about stroking needs) is critiqued. Shortcomings of the article and the way in which the article has been used by Berne and others are discussed. Implications for TA theory and the ITAA organization are pointed out. Suggestions are offered for improving the validity and credibility of TA theory.

Additional information

Author information

Gary W. Hobbs

Gary W. Hobbs, Ph.D., a Regular Member of ITAA, is a counseling psychologist at the State University of New York at Albany and a licensed psychologist in private practice in Albany, New York.